Inoculum production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native to soils under different forest covers
Keywords:
Micorrizas, Vaso armadilha, Recuperação florestalAbstract
The low natural fertility of Brazilian soils requires the use of inoculants that facilitate the absorption of nutrients by
plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi such as obligatory biotrophics of active roots perform this function, but access to
this resource is limited by the difficulty in producing inoculants. The objective of this study was to investigate the
production of AMF inoculants native of soils under different forest covers in Vitória da Conquista, BA, by means of
spore quantification, colonization rate and species identification. For this purpose, soils were collected from sites under
Mata Nativa (native forest) and plantations of Madeira Nova (Pterogyne nitens) and Eucalyptus, placed into separate
500 mL disposable cups with seeds of Brachiaria sp. and cultivated for five months. Spores were quantified and the
AMF species identified in the control soil (without brachiaria) and in the cups cultivated with brachiaria at each month.
From the first month, the colonization rate of brachiaria roots was evaluated. The inoculants produced showed differences
in the number of spores and species, in the AMF species identified, and in the root colonization rate as a function of the
forest cover. Thus, considering the increase in the number of spores, species and colonization over time, the inoculant
produced from the soil under native forest was more promising for utilization.
References
Angelini GAR, Loss A, Pereira MG, Torres JLR & Saggin Júnior OJ (2012) Colonização micorrízica, densidade de esporos e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em solo de Cerrado sob plantio direto e convencional. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 33:115-130.
Angelini GAR, Saggin Júnior OJ & Silva EMR (2013) Seleção de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e ectomicorrízicos para simbioses eficientes com Acacia mangium willd. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 34: 3529-3542.
Bagyaraj JD & Stürmer SL (2010) Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs). In: Moreira FMS, Huising EJ & Bignell DE. Manual de biologia dos solos tropicais: Amostragem e caracterização da biodiversidade. Lavras: UFLA, 2010, p.205-226.
Braghirolli FL, Sgrott AF, Pescador R, Uhlmann A & Sturmer SL (2012) Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares na recuperação de florestas ciliares e fixação de carbono no solo. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 36:733-743.
Brower JE, Zar JH & Von Ende CN (1990) Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. 3rd ed. Dubuque, W. C. Brown. 237p.
Burity HA, Lyra MCCP, Souza ES, Mergulhão ACES & Silva MLRB (2000) Efetividade da inoculação com rizóbio e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em mudas de sabiá submetidas a diferentes níveis de fósforo. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 35:801-807.
Cardoso EJBN, Cardoso IM, Nogueira MA, Baretta CRDM & Paula MA (2010) Micorrizas arbusculares na aquisição de nutrientes pelas plantas. In: Siqueira JO, Souza FA, Cardoso EJBN & Tsai, S.M. (Eds.). Micorrizas: 30 anos de pesquisa no Brasil. Lavras, Editora UFLA. p.153-214.
Carneiro RFV, Cardozo Júnior FM, Pereira LF, Araújo ASF & Silva GA (2012) Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares como indicadores da recuperação de áreas degradadas no Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 43:648-657.
Carvalhaes E (2013) O desafio dos 4Fs. Revista O Papel, p. 17.
Daynes CN, Field DJ, Saleeba JA, Cole MA & McGee PA (2013) Development and stabilization of soil structure via interactions between organic metter, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 57:683-694.
Douds Jr. DD, Nagahashi G & Hepperly PR (2010) On-farm production of inoculum of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and assessment of diluentes of compost for inoculum production. Bioresource Technology, 101:2326-2330.
Embrapa (2013) Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de solos. 3a ed. Rio de Janeiro, Embrapa, 2013. 353p.
Euclides RF (2007) SAEG - Sistema para análises estatísticas, versão 9.1. Viçosa, Fundação Arthur Bernardes. Disponível em: <http://www.ufv.br/saeg/>. Acessado em: 04 de maio de 2013.
Ferreira DF (2007) Sisvar, versão 5.3. Lavras, DEX/UFLA. Disponível em: <http://www.dex.ufla.br/~danielff/softwares.htm>. Acessado em: 27 de abril de 2012.
Gerdemann JW & Nicolson TH (1963) Spores of mycorrhizal endogone species extracted from soil by wet-sieving and decanting. Transactions of British Mycological Society, 46:235-244.
Giovannetti M & Mosse B (1980) An evaluation of techniques to measure vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. The New Phytologist, 84:484-500.
Grace C & Stribley DP (1991) A safer procedure for routine staining of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycological Research, 95:1160-1162.
Hayman DS (1982) Practical aspects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. In: Subbarao NS (Ed.). Advances in agricultural microbiology. London, Butterworth-Heinemann. p.325-373.
Huante P, Ceccon E, Orozco-Segovia A, Sánchez-Coronado ME, Acosta I & Rincón E (2012) The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the early-stage restoration of seasonally dry tropical forest in Chamela, Mexico. Revista Árvore, 36: 279-289.
IJdo M, Cranenbrouch S & Declerck S. (2011) Methods for large-scale production of AM fungi: past, present, and future. Mycorrhiza, 21:1-16.
Jenkins WR (1964) A rapid centrifugal-flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Disease Report, 48:692.
Klironomos JN (2003) Variation in plant response to native and exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ecology, 84:2292-2301.
Koske RE & Gemma JN (1989) A modified procedure for staining roots to detect VA mycorrhizas. Mycological Research, 92:486-488.
Lambert DH, Cole H & Baker DE (1980) Adaptation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae to edaphic factors. New Phytologist, 25:513-520.
Lima FS, Soares ACF & Souza CS (2013) Ocorrência e atividade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em plantios de Eucalipto (Eucalyptus sp.) no litoral norte da Bahia, Brasil. Revista Árvore, 37:245-255.
Linderman RG (1994) Role of VAM fungi in biocontrol. In: Pfleger FL & Linderman RG (Eds). Mycorrhizae and plant health. St Paul, APS. p.1-26.
Lopes AS & Guilherme LRG (2007) Fertilidade do solo e produtividade agrícola. In: Novais RF, Alvarez VVH, Barros NF, Fontes RLF, Cantarutti RB & Neves JCL (Eds.). Fertilidade do solo. Viçosa, SBCS. p.1-64.
Mello AH, Antoniolli ZI, Kaminski J, Souza EL & Oliveira VL (2006) Fungos arbusculares e ectomicorrízicos em áreas de eucalipto e de campo nativo em solo arenoso. Ciência Florestal, 16:291-301.
Miranda JCC (2008) Cerrado: micorriza arbuscular - ocorrência e manejo. Planaltina, Embrapa Cerrados. 169p.
Moreira FMS & Siqueira JO (2006) Microbiologia e Bioquímica do Solo, 2ª ed. Lavras, Editora UFLA. 729p.
Nagahashi G & Douds DJ (2007) Separated components of root exudate and cytosol stimulate different morphologically identifiable types of branching responses by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycological research, 3:487-492.
Newman EJ (1966) A method of estimating the total length of root sample. Journal of Applied Ecology, 3:139-145.
Paluch ES, Thomsen MA & Volk T (2013) Effects of resident soil fungi and land use history outweigh those of comercial mycorrhizal inocula: testing a restoration strategy in unsterilized soil. Restoration Ecology, 21:380-389.
Peng S, Guo T & Liu G (2013) The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal networks on soil aggregations of purple soil in southwest China. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 57:411-417.
Philips JM & Hayman DS (1970) Improved procedure for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transaction of the British Mycological Society, 55:158-161.
Schenck NC & Perez Y (1988) A manual of identification of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 2 ed. Florida, Gainesville. 241p.
Schreiner RP (2007) Effects of native and nonnative arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and nutriente uptake of ‘Pinot noir’ (Vitisvinifera L.) in two soils with contrasting levels of phosphorus. Applied soil ecology, 36:2005-2015.
Schwartz MW, Hoeksema JD, Gehring CA, Johnson NC, Klironomos JN, Abbott LK & Pringle A (2006) The promise and the potential consequences of the global transport of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum. Ecology Letters, 9:501-515.
Sieverding E (1991) Stablishment and evaluation of VAM fungal germ plasm. In: Sieverding E (Org.). Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza management. Eschoborn, GTZ, p.189-219.
Silva CF, Pereira MG, Silva EMR, Correia MEF & Saggin Júnior OJ (2006) Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em áreas no entorno do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar em Ubatuba (SP). Caatinga, 19:1-10.
Smith SE & Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. London, Academic Press. 787p.
Soares CRFS & Carneiro MAC (2010) Micorrizas arbusculares na recuperação de áreas degradadas. In: Siqueira JO, Souza FA, Cardoso EJBN & Tsai SM (Eds.). Micorrizas: 30 anos de Pesquisa no Brasil. Lavras, Editora UFLA. p.441-474.
Souza VC, Silva RA, Cardoso G & Barreto AF (2006) Estudo sobre fungos micorrízicos. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 10:612-618.
Stürmer SL, Cardoso EJBN, Souza FA & Kasuya MCM (2009) “Além das raízes”: o papel dos fungos micorrízicos. Viçosa, SBCS. p.30-32.
Stutz JC & Morton JB (1996) Sucessive pot cultures reveal high species richness of arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi in arid ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Botany, 74: 1883-1889.
Trappe JM & Schenck NC (1982) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Endogonales). In: Schenck NC (Ed.). Methods and Principles of Micorrhizal Research. St. Paul, The American Phytopathological Society. p.1-9.
Zangaro W, Bononi VLR & Trufen SB (2000) Mycorrhizal dependency, inoculum potential and habitat preference of native woody species in South Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16:603-622.
