The environmental supply and the planting density in the Chrysanthemum development
Palabras clave:
plant growth, modeling, Dendranthema grandiflora, crop flowers, greenhouseResumen
The objective was to evaluate the influence of the annual behavior of some environmental factors and plant densities on Chrysanthemum plant growth. Four Chrysanthemum cultivars were grown at five densities and established a total of 23 experiments in 2018. The plant and climatic variables determined were the dry weight, height, flower buds, growing degree days (GDD) and daily light integrated (DLI) of each crop cycle of each assay, respectively, as well as the relative humidity. The effect of density on plant growth, as determined by crop cycles established throughout the year, was analyzed graphically and through analysis of variance, followed by a Scheffe post hoc test. It used the multivariate analysis to cluster the crop cycles identified by its week of planting and according to the similarity of plant variables and climatic. The growth reached by the crop cycles under the treatments in all cultivars along the year showed an unimodal behavior. The multivariate analysis lets us define two seasons (I, II) exhibiting significant differences in plant growth and climatic variables behavior. Period I had drier conditions and higher radiation than II and DLI was the most limiting factor in plant development, while the GDDs did not influence it.
Citas
Aliniaeifard & Meeteren UV (2016) Stomatal characteristics and desiccation response of leaves of cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) flower grown at high air humidity. Scientia horituculturae, 205:84-89.
Blonquist JM & Bugbee B (2018) Solar, Net and Photosynthetic Radiation. In: Hatfield, JL, Sivakumar MVK & Prueger JH (Eds.) Agroclimatology: Linking Agriculture to Climate. Madison, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. p.1-49.
Carvalho SM (2003) Effects of growth conditions on external quality of cut Chrysanthemum: analysis and simulation. PhD Dissertation. Wageningen University, The Netherlands. 152p.
Esmaeili S, Aliniaeifard S, Daylami SD, Karimi S, Shomali A, Didaran F, Telesińki A, Sierka E & Kalaji H (2022) Elevated light intensity compensates for nitrogen deficiency during Chrysanthemum growth by improving water and nitrogen use efficiency. Scienfitic reports, 12:01-14.
Han S, Chen SM, Song AP, Liu RX, Li HY, Jiang JF & Chen FD (2017) Photosynthetic responses of Chrysanthemum morifolium to growth irradiance: morphology, anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure. Photosynthetica, 55:184-192.
Hidén C & Larsen RU (1994). Predicting flower development in greenhouse grown Chrysanthemum. Scientia Horticulturae, 58:123-138.
Hisamatsu T, Sumitomo K, Shibata M & Koshioka M (2017) Seasonal variability in dormancy and flowering competence in Chrysanthemum: chilling impacts on shoot extension growth and flowering capacity. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 51:343-350.
Hosseinzadeh M, Aliniaeifard S, Shomali A & Didaran F (2021) Interaction of light intensity and CO2 concentration alter biomass partitioning in Chrysanthemum. Journal of Horticultural Research, 29:45-56.
Husson F, Lê S & Pagès J (2017) Exploratory multivariate analysis by example using R. 2nd ed. New York, Chapman and hall/CRC. 262p.
Janka E, Körner O, Rosenqvist E & Ottosen CO (2015) Using the quantum yields of photosystem II and the rate of net photosynthesis to monitor high irradiance and temperature stress in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 90:14-22.
Kjaer KH, Ottosen CO & Jørgensen BN (2012) Timing growth and development of Campanula by daily light integral and supplemental light level in a cost-efficient light control system. Scientia Horticulturae, 143:189-196.
Korczynski PC, Logan J & Faust JE (2002) Mapping monthly distribution of daily light integrals across the contiguous United States. HortTechnology, 12:12-16.
Langton FA, Benjamin LR & Edmondson RN (1999) The effects of crop density on plant growth and variability in cut-flower Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 74:493-501.
Lee JH, Heuvelink E & Challa H (2002) Effects of planting date and plant density on crop growth of cut Chrysanthemum. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 77:238-247.
Lindesy AA & Newman JE (1954) Use of official weather data in spring time: temperature analysis of an Indiana phenological record. Ecology, 37:812-823.
MADR - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (2019) Cadena de Flores, Follajes y Hornamentales. Dirección de Cadenas Agrícolas y Forestales. Available at: <https://sioc.minagricultura.gov.co/Flores/Documentos/2020-12-31%20Cifras%20Sectoriales.pdf>. Accessed on: April 4th, 2020.
Mendiburu F (2021) Agricolae: Statistical procedures for agricultural research. R package version 1.3-5. Available at <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=agricolae>. Accessed on: April 20, 2021.
Nagdeve NS, Khobragade HM, Thakare AA, Gajbhiye RP & Mandhare KS (2021) Effect of plant spacing and pinching on growth and flower yield of annual Chrysanthemum. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 9:491495.
Ommetto JC (1981) Bioclimatologia vegetal. São Paulo, Agronômica Ceres Ltda. 425p.
Rahayu ES, Setyowati N & Khomah I (2020) The effects of seasons on Chrysanthemum flowers (Chrysantemum indicum) production in Slelman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 423:01-08.
R Core Team (2022) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at: <https://www.R-project.org/>. Accessed on: January 12, 2020.
Sun W, Yang X, Su J, Guan Z, Jiang J, Chen F, Fang W & Zhang F (2019) The genetics of planting density-dependent branching in Chrysanthemum. Scientia Horticulturae, 259:01-07.
Sharma M & Singh M (2021) Effect of date of transplanting and row orientation on dry matter partitioning and flower size in Chrysanthemum. Climate Change, 7:59-66.
Villagran E & Bojacá C (2020) Analysis of the microclimatic behavior of greenhouse used to produce carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Hornamental Horticulture, 26:190-204.
Weerakkody WAP & Suriyagoda LDB (2015) Estimation of leaf and canopy photosynthesis of pot Chrysanthemum and its implication on intensive canopy management. Scientia Horticulturae, 192:237-243.
Wishart D (2005) Number of clusters. In: Everitt B & DC Howell (Eds.) Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Ltda. p.03-05.
Yang J & Ryon JB (2021) Side lighting enhances morphophysiology by inducing more branching and flowering in Chrysanthemum grown in controlled environment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22:12019.
Zheng L & Van LMC (2018) Effects of different irradiation levels of light quality on Chrysanthemum. Scientia Horticulturae, 233:124-131.
